Sesión 13

12° Sesión

Past Passive Voice

We only use the passive when we do not know who caused the action.

Example: Appointments are required in such cases.

We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the sentences.

Form: to be + past participle

How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given

-Object of the “active” sentence becomes subject in the “passive” sentence.

-Subject of the “active” sentence becomes “object” in the “passive” sentence (or is left out).

ACTIVE:	Peter	builds	a house
PASSIVE:	A house	is built	by  Peter

ACTIVE	Peter	builds	A house	Simple present
PASSIVE	A house	Is built	By Peter
ACTIVE	Peter	built	a  house	Simple past
PASSIVE	A house	Was built	By Peter
ACTIVE	Peter	Has built	A house	Present perfect
PASSIVE	A house	Has                  built been	By Peter
ACTIVE	Peter	Will built	A house	Will future
PASSIVE	A house	Has                 build Been	By Peter

Exercise:

They often listen to music                 (ACTIVE)

These cars are produced in Japan.  (PASSIVE)

 She is reading a newspaper now.    (ACTIVE)

The bus driver has hurt yesterday.  (PASSIVE)

11° Sesión

USED TO

“Used to + infinite”

We use this expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past whish we don´t do in the present .We also use it to talk about states in the past which are no longer true.

Affirmative Sentences:

Subject + Used to + Verb (present) + Comp.

Examples:

*My family used to travel to Ica but now no.

*Pierina used to eat pizza in the restaurant but now no.

Negative Sentences:

Subject  + didn´t +use to + Verb (present) +complement

*My relative’s didn´t use to sing on birthdays.

  They used to listen us.

*She didn´t use to like chocolate ,but she does now.

Questions:

Did + Subject + use to + verb (present) + comp.

Examples:

*Did she use to drink soda?

*Did you used to ear ice cream when you were child?

*Did he use to have little cars?

10° Sesión

QUESTIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Have / has + subject+ been + V(ing) +comp.?

Example:

*Have you been running the race since 14 years old?  (YES)

  Yes, I have. I have been running the race since 14 years old.

  No, I haven´t .I have been running since 10 years old.

*Have we been working all day?  (NO)

No, we haven´t .We have been working in the morning.

9° Sesión

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS

Has /Have   +been   +   V (ing)

*We use the present perfect continuous to talk about on actions that stard in the post and     continuous up the present.

*We can use “for and since”

EXAMPLE:

I have been waiting since two in the afternoon.

You have been studing at the school for ten years.

We have been watching the movie for three hours.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Hasn’t / haven´t + been+ V (ing)

Example:

*He hasn’t been eating for three days.

*She hasn’t been running since child.

*You haven´t sleeping for two days.

8° Sesión

PRESENT PERFECT II

Already:                     ya! (listo)

We use it to slow than an action is done.

Main Structure:

Subject+ have/has + already + verb (participle) + complement

I have already done my homework.

She has already drunk three cups of tea.

They have already eaten sushi.

Yet  :                      Use to say that an action is not finished. “no”  (negativo) (aún) posición (al final)

Example:

He hasn´t written the para graph yet.

We haven’t ran the race yet.

For:                       Use it to show the time that pass in an action (por) (cantidad) o (periodo)

Example:

Sergio has been in the school for six years.

They have seen that movie for three times.

Since:                   Shows the beginning of an action “desde” (comienzo)

Example:

Juan has studied here since 2008.

They have played soccer since child.

We have played the planes since ten years old.

7° Sesión

(Form has / have + past participle)

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.

You have not seen that movie many times.

*We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.

*The exact time is not important.

*You can´t use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I´ lived in Japan, at the moment, that.

We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions, unspecific time such as: ever never, once, many times ,several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

* I have seen that movie twenty times.

* I think I have met him once before.

*There have been many earthquake in California.